The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) was completed in 2014.
Individual scientists, universities, and laboratories contribute to the overall scientific opinion via their peer-reviewed publications, and the areas of collective agreement and relative certainty are summarised in these respected reports and surveys. This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists. Natural change alone would have had a slight cooling effect rather than a warming effect. It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere. Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. Among the most cited is a 2013 study of nearly 12,000 abstracts of peer-reviewed papers on climate science published since 1990, of which just over 4,000 papers expressed an opinion on the cause of recent global warming. Several studies of the consensus have been undertaken. People and nations can act individually and collectively to slow the pace of global warming, while also preparing for unavoidable climate change and its consequences.Continuing emissions will increase the likelihood and severity of global effects.
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